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essential oils should be used with caution and the awareness of
potential harmful effects. generally, essential oils should not be taken
internally; some oils are very toxic. however, some are not harmful and
can be used for flavor (e.g. orange, lemon, grapefruit, tangerine,
peppermint, spearmint, to name a few). never use essential oils
therapeutically without the advice of a doctor or well-respected
aromatherapist.
if you are unfamiliar with essential oils, see "introduction to essential oils" to get an overview of the various oils, the different types, and the importance of their condition (read quality).
with the exception of lavender and tea tree, essential oils should
never be applied directly to the skin, but well-diluted in a suitable
carrier oil (sweet almond, jojoba, etc.) before using.
this is by no means a complete list of all the known essential oils
...just some of the more common ones, the one i've had experience with,
and the ones i've acquired some information about. see "fragrance formulas"
for a list of blends using some of these oils. these formulas can be
used as is or as inspiration for some of your own creations.
with regard to scent blending: (see "creating a scent") |
| a color code is used to indicate the singular note designation, (•-top; •-middle; •-base).
where multiple codes are used, this simply means the oil is used as
either note, depending upon its relationship to the other ingredients in
the blend. no code just indicates the data is pending. |
| "blends well with" indicates this oil blend well with the oils listed. if no oils are listed, it simply means the information was not available. |
| "bridge", if listed, indicates this oil works well as a bridge between the notes shown, (e.g. "bridge: top - middle" means this oil works well at easing the transition between the top and middle phases of the fragrance). |
the "cautions" [listed below]
regarding usage concerns are in no way a complete reference, and where
listed, are merely informative. these oils are also listed in "aromatherapy" where the focus is on their respective therapeutic attributes.
|
|
|
• allspice (fruit) - pimenta officinalis (cuba, india, jamaica, mexico, north america). |
|
this oil's aroma resembles a mixture of pepper, clove and cinnamon. -- (stimulating, vitalizing)
caution: | may irritate the skin and mucous membranes |
blends well with: | frankencense, geranium, ginger, lavender, lemon, patchouli, orange, ylang ylang |
bridge: | top - middle; middle - base |
|
|
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• almond, bitter (fruit) - prunus armeniaca (north america). |
|
crisp scent. -- (sense enhancing, strengthening)
caution: | avoid use in sun. skin irritant. avoid during pregnancy |
blends well with: |
allspice, amber, cassia, cinnamon, clove, ginger, lavender, lemon,
neroli, nutmeg, oakmoss, orange, patchouli, sandalwood, spikenard,
vanilla, violet leaf, ylang ylang |
|
|
|
• • ambrette (seed) - abelmoschus moschatus (france). |
|
woodsy scent; aphrodisiac. -- (balancing, calming)
blends well with: | frankincense, neroli, olibanum, rose, sandalwood |
bridge: | middle - base |
|
|
|
• • amyris (wood) - amyris balsamifera (west indies). |
|
balsamic, sweet-woody scent; often referred to as "west indian sandalwood". -- (grounding, energizing. toning, balancing)
blends well with: | anise, cedarwood, citronella, lavender, palmarosa |
bridge: | middle - base |
|
|
|
• • angelica (seed, root) - angelica archangelica (belgium, china, egypt, france, germany, holland, india, russia, spain). |
|
musky scent; aphrodisiac. -- (anchoring, restoring, strengthening, warming)
caution: | phototoxic, avoid use in sun. avoid use during pregnancy |
blends well with: |
basil, bergamot, frankincense, dalmatian sage, geranium, helichrysum,
hyssop, jasmine, juniper, lavender, melissa, myrrh, neroli, patchouli,
rose, sandalwood, spruce, vetiver, ylang ylang |
bridge: | middle - base |
|
|
|
• anise (seed pod) - pimenella anisum (central america, china, india, indonesia, italy, morocco, south america, spain). |
|
a warm, spicy/sweet, licorice-like aroma; deodorant. anise solidifies,
or freezes at 59° f, this is a criterion value of anise. during
cold weather months the anise may become solid during shipping. do not
be alarmed; this is actually a normal occurrence. if crystallization has
occurred, it is your assurance of good value anise. if the anise has
crystallized, warm the oil until it is liquefied and shake. -- (cheering, balancing, energizing, toning)
caution: | slight dermal toxicity - avoid during pregnancy |
blends well with: | amyris, bay, caraway, cardamom, cedarwood, coriander, fennel, galbanum, mandarin, petitgrain, rosewood |
|
|
|
• armoise / aka: mugwort (whole plant) - artemisia vulgaris; alba |
| (china, france, germany, hungary, india, japan, morocco). |
|
aromatic, camphorous, fresh, minty scent. -- (energizing. toning, balancing, stimulating)
caution: | may irritate skin. avoid during pregnancy |
blends well with: | cedar leaf, cedarwood, clary sage, lavender, muguet, patchouli, rosemary, sage, violet |
|
• balsam peru (bark) - myroxylon pereirae (el salvador). |
|
sweet, vanilla-like, woodsy scent. exotic aroma, imparts a rich, earthy scent to perfumes. -- (anchoring, strengthening)
caution: | may irritate skin. avoid use with high blood pressure |
blends well with: | cinnamon, clove, patchouli, sandalwood |
|
|
|
• basil, sweet (herb-whole plant) - ocimum basilicum |
| (bulgaria, commores, europe, egypt, france, madagascar, north america, seychelles, vietnam). |
|
warm, licorice-like, spicy, herbal scent; deodorant. -- (cheering, clarifying, energizing, invigorating, refreshing, soothing, strengthening, toning, uplifting, warming)
caution: |
may irritate skin. avoid use if pregnant, with high blood pressure, if
prone to seizures, with history of estrogen-dependent cancer |
blends well with: |
bergamot, citronella, clary sage, frankincense, geranium, hyssop,
lavender, mandarin, marjoram, neroli, orange, rosemary, tangerine,
verbena, violet |
bridge: | top - middle |
|
|
|
• bay, laurel (leaf) - laurus nobilis (france). |
|
light, crisp, spicy, sweet aroma; aphrodisiac. -- (calming, energizing, relaxing, stimulating, uplifting, warming)
blends well with: | anise, carnation, cedarwood, clove, eucalyptus, lime, nutmeg, rose, violet |
bridge: | middle - base |
|
|
|
• bay rum (leaf) - pimenta racemosa (jamaica, puerto rico, south america, west indies). |
|
light, crisp, spicy, sweet aroma; aphrodisiac. amazingly similar to bay laurel but more robust. -- (calming, energizing, relaxing, stimulating, uplifting, warming)
blends well with: | anise, carnation, cedarwood, clove, eucalyptus, lime, nutmeg, rose, violet |
bridge: | middle - base |
|
|
|
• benzoin (resin) - benzoin styrax (borneo, china, sumatra, thailand, united arab emirates). |
|
sweet, vanilla-like scent; deodorant. -- (clarifying, penetrating, rejuvenating, soothing, uplifting, warming)
blends well with: | cypress, eucalyptus, lemon, neroli, sandalwood |
|
|
|
• bergamot (peel) - citrus bergamia (italy, morocco). |
|
a fresh, sweet citrus smell, (like orange and lemons with floral
overtones); deodorant, most notably used in earl grey teas. known for
its warm and balancing effect on emotions. extensively used as a
fragrance, and for skin care. -- (balancing, calming, cheering, encouraging, normalizing, refreshing, stimulating, uplifting)
caution: | photosensitizing. do not be used directly on the skin before exposure to the sun. |
blends well with: |
basil, cedarwood, chamomile, citronella, clary sage, clove,
coriander, cypress, frankincense, geranium, grapefruit, hyssop, jasmine,
juniper, lavender, lemon, lime, mandarin, marjoram, neroli, patchouli,
peppermint, rose, sage, sandalwood, spearmint, tangerine, thyme,
vanilla, ylang ylang |
|
|
|
• birch, sweet (bark) - betula lenta (united states). |
|
has a stimulating, even arousing effect on the spirits.
caution: | may be toxic if used in large amounts |
blends well with: | cajeput, chamomile, frankincense, lemon |
|
|
|
• birch, white (bark) - betula alba (germany, holland, russia). |
|
a minty, woodsy scent. -- (elevating, increases awareness, uplifting)
caution: | slightly toxic. avoid if pregnant or with high blood pressure |
blends well with: | lime, spearmint, wintergreen |
|
|
|
• black pepper (peppercorn) - piper nigrum (asia, brazil, india, indonesia, madagascar, malaysia). |
|
pungent, sharp, spicy, woodsy aroma; aphrodisiac. blends well with rose
and other floral oils for the oriental fragrance industry. used
extensively in the commercial food industry. -- (balancing, energizing, focuses concentration, invigorating, revitalizing, toning, warming)
caution: | skin irritant; dilute well. avoid if using homeopathic remedies. avoid with high blood pressure. |
blends well with: | basil, bergamot, cypress, floral oils, frankincense, grapefruit, lavender, lemon, marjoram, rose, rosemary, sandalwood |
bridge: | top - middle |
|
• cade (twigs/wood) - juniperous oxycedrus. |
|
tar-like smoky aroma.
caution: | skin irritant |
blends well with: | birch, clove, rosemary, thyme |
|
|
|
• cajeput, rectified (bud/leaf) - melaleuca leucodendron (indonesia, north america). |
|
sweet, penetrating, camphorous, medicinal aroma. -- (balancing, energizing, soothing, stimulating)
caution: | can be an irritant; dilute well |
blends well with: | bergamot, clove, lavender, rosewood |
|
|
|
• calendula / aka: marigold (petal) - calendula officinalis (egypt, south africa). |
|
it's impossible to distill calendula petals and most of what's available
is the infused oil of calendula. the carbon dioxide-extracted calendula
total co2 produces a high grade extract
|
|
|
• camphor, white (leaf) - cinnamonum camphora (borneo, china, japan, sumatra). |
|
fresh, sharp, penetrating, pungent scent, mothball-like. it is most commonly inhaled or applied externally in rubs. -- (balancing, clarifying, cooling, energizing, stimulating)
caution: |
avoided if pregnant, with epilepsy, asthma - do not confuse with the
toxic oils of brown camphor, yellow camphor or borneo camphor |
blends well with: | basil, cajeput, chamomile, frankincense, mandarin, orange, ylang ylang |
|
|
|
• caraway (seed) - carum carvi (asia, europe, holland, north america). |
|
minty fragrance. -- (enhances alertness, refreshing, stimulating)
caution: | skin irritant. slightly toxic - avoid with high blood pressure |
blends well with: | anise, cinnamon, eucalyptus, rosemary |
bridge: | top - middle |
|
|
|
• • cardamom (seed) - elettaria cardamomum (central america, ceylon, el salvador, guatemala, india). |
|
a camphorous, floral, spicy, sweet scent. has many of the same qualities of nutmeg. -- (balancing, focuses concentration, revitalizing, sense-enhancing, stimulating, stress-reducing, warming)
caution: | avoid with high blood pressure |
blends well with: | anise, cedarwood, clove, frankincense, jasmine, neroli, orange, rose, violet, ylang ylang |
|
|
|
• carrot (seed) - daucus carota (france, hungary). |
|
sweet, earth aroma; aphrodisiac. -- (balancing, nourishing, replenishing, restoring, soothing, stimulating)
caution: | avoid if pregnant. overuse can cause nausea |
blends well with: | bergamot, lavender, lemon, lime, neroli, orange, rosemary |
|
|
|
• cassia (leaf/twig) - cinnamomum cassia (china). |
|
cinnamon-like aroma
|
|
|
• cedarwood, atlas (wood) - cedrus atlantica; deodora; mexicana |
| (algeria, china, east africa, himalayas, lebanon, morocco, north america). |
|
rich, camphorous, dry, sweet, woodsy lead pencil-type aroma. aroma improves with age. -- (balancing, focusing, grounding, harmonizing, regenerative, relaxing, strengthening, stress-reducing, tension-relieving)
caution: | skin irritant. avoid if pregnant |
blends well with: |
amyris, anise, armoise, bergamot, cardamom, citronella,
clary sage, cypress, eucalyptus, frankincense, ginger, juniper,
lavender, marjoram, oakmoss, palmarosa, patchouli, rosemary, vetiver,
ylang ylang |
bridge: | middle - base |
|
|
|
• cedarwood (wood) - juniperus virginiana; oregonia (united states). |
|
rich, sweet, woody aroma, reminiscent of sandalwood. adds body and
warmth to fragrance blends. not considered a true cedarwood as is atlas.
often added to wood (or cedar) chests to add cedar scent. -- (calming, comforting, strengthening)
blends well with: | bergamot, cinnamon, frankincense, hyacinth, neroli, rose, rosemary, violet |
bridge: | middle - base |
|
|
|
• chamomile, german / aka: chamomile blue (flower/leaf) - matricaria chamomilla |
| (england, france, germany, hungary, morocco, russia, south america). |
|
sweet, fruity, apple-like fragrance. -- (balancing, calming, rejuvenating, relaxing, soothing)
caution: | avoid during first trimester of pregnancy. avoid long term use if history of estrogen-dependent cancer |
blends well with: | cinnamon, galbanum, lavender, marjoram, patchouli, vetiver, ylang ylang |
|
|
|
• chamomile, roman (flower/leaf) - chamaemelum nobile |
| (belgium, bulgaria, england, france, hungary, north america, yugoslavia). |
|
warm, sweet, and fruity (apple-like), woodsy scent. extensively used in
cosmetics, soaps, perfumes and hair, massage and bath treatments.
cherished for its gentle, relaxing and soothing effects. -- (balancing, calming, rejuvenating, relaxing, soothing)
caution: |
avoid during first trimester of pregnancy - avoid long term use if
history of estrogen-dependent cancer - avoid if allergic to ragweed |
blends well with: |
bergamot, cinnamon, clary sage, cypress, frankincense, galbanum,
jasmine, juniper, lavender, marjoram, neroli, rosemary, vetiver,
ylang ylang |
|
|
|
• • cinnamon (leaf) - cinnamomum zeylanicum (ceylon, india, madagascar, sri lanka). |
|
spicy, sharp, sweet, clove-like aroma; aphrodisiac. perfect for making
soaps, candles, incense and scenting potpourri's. the oil can also be
distilled from the inner bark of the tree. true cinnamon bark is
becoming difficult to find in many countries. -- (energizing, invigorating, refreshing, stimulating, vitalizing, warming)
caution: | very powerful, should be used with extreme care, skin irritant. avoid with high blood pressure |
blends well with: |
balsam peru, black pepper, caraway, carnation, chamomile, citrus
oils, clove, frankincense, geranium, ginger, lavender, nutmeg, orange,
rose, rosemary, spice oils, thyme, violet, ylang ylang |
bridge: | middle - base |
|
|
|
• cistus / aka: labdanum (herb-whole plant) - cistus ladaniferus (spain). |
|
herbal, woodsy fragrance; aphrodisiac. -- (soothing, stimulating, warming)
blends well with: | lavender |
|
|
|
• citronella (grass) cymbopogon nardus (ceylon, china, madagascar, south america). |
|
fresh, grassy, lemon-like, woodsy aroma; deodorant. its most useful quality seems to be as an insect repellant. -- (refreshing, soothing, stimulating, vitalizing)
caution: | use sparingly - skin irritant - avoid if pregnant |
blends well with: | amyris, basil, bergamot, cedarwood, eucalyptus, galbanum, geranium, lemon, lemongrass, lime, orange, peppermint, pine |
|
|
|
• clary sage (flower/leaf) - salvia sclarea (europe, france, morocco, oregon-usa. russia). |
|
brisk, hay-like, herbal, nutty, sweet and spicy scent; aphrodisiac.
traditionally used in treating digestive disorders, now most often mixed
with other fragrances. noted for warming and ephoric properties. -- (balancing, calming, centering, euphoric, relaxing, stress-relieving, tension-reducing, warming)
caution: |
avoid if pregnancy, low blood pressure, estrogen-dependent cancer,
breast, ovarian or uterine cysts - avoid with alcohol - should never be
used by those with epilepsy |
blends well with: |
armoise, basil, bergamot, cardamom, cedarwood, chamomile, clove,
coriander, frankincense, geranium, hyssop, jasmine, juniper, lavender,
lime, mandarin, neroli, nutmeg, orange, patchouli, petitgrain, pine,
sandalwood, tangerine, violet |
bridge: | top - middle |
|
|
|
• clove bud (bud) - eugenia caryophyllata (east indies, indonesia, madagascar, philippines, west indies). |
|
fruity, sweet-spicy, scent. -- (energizing, invigorating, sense-enhancing, stimulating, warming)
caution: | skin irritant - avoid if pregnant or high blood pressure |
blends well with: |
allspice, balsam peru, basil, bay, bergamot, cade, cardamom,
carnation, cinnamon, citronella, clary sage, geranium, ginger,
hyssop, lavender, nutmeg, orange, patchouli, ravensara, rose,
sandalwood, tea tree, violet, ylang ylang |
|
|
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• clove leaf (leaf) - syzygium aromaticum. |
|
floral, fresh, sweet-spicy, penetrating aroma. -- (stimulating, warming, comforting)
blends well with: |
allspice, balsam peru, basil, bay, bergamot, cade, cardamom,
carnation, cinnamon, citronella, clary sage, geranium, ginger,
hyssop, lavender, nutmeg, orange, patchouli, ravensara, rose,
sandalwood, tea tree, violet, ylang ylang |
|
|
|
• • coriander (leaf/seed) - coriandrum sativum (france, holland, india, italy, morocco, north america, russia, tunisia). |
|
balsamic, slightly pungent, sweet and spicy aroma; aphrodisiac, deodorant. -- (balancing, calming, clarifying, energizing, memory-aid, refreshing, relaxing, stimulating, stress-reducing, warming)
caution: | avoid if pregnant, high blood pressure, breast cancer or fibrosis - use in moderation |
blends well with: | anise, bergamot, clary sage, cypress, frankincense, ginger, jasmine, lemon, neroli, nutmeg, pine, sandalwood |
bridge: | top - middle |
|
|
|
• cumin (seed) - cuminum cyminum (india, mediterranean, morocco, sicily). |
|
sharp, spicy scent. -- (balancing, revitalizing, stimulating)
caution: | phototoxic, skin irritant |
blends well with: | - - |
|
|
|
• cypress (leaf/cone/twig) - cupressus sempervirens (france, mediterranean, spain). |
|
pleasant, pine-like, spicy, sweet, woodsy aroma; deodorant. cypress is
lovely when used as a bath scent and in skin care products. -- (anger-soothing, balancing, calming, refreshing, stimulating, stress-reducing, tension-reducing)
caution: | avoid if pregnant, high/low blood pressure, history of estrogen-dependent cancer. |
blends well with: |
benzoin, bergamot, cedarwood, chamomile, coriander, grapefruit,
juniper, lavender, lemon, marjoram, myrrh, orange, pine, sandalwood |
|
• dillweed (seed) - anethum graveolens (mediterranean, north america). |
|
peppery, pickle-like, spicy, warm scent. -- (balancing, clarifying, clearing, reviving, toning)
blends well with: | lavender |
|
|
|
• elemi (resin) - canarium luzonicum (france, india, philippines). |
|
balsamic, fresh, pungent, spicy, woodsy scent. -- (clarifying, cooling, focusing,grounding, rejuvenating, soothing, stimulating, tension-relieving)
<
blends well with: | galbanum, ginger, juniper, rosemary |
|
|
|
• eucalyptus (leaf/twig) - eucalyptus globulus (australia, china, portugal, spain, tasmania). |
|
cool, slightly bitter, and pungent, camphor-like quality; deodorant. -- (balancing, cooling, cleansing, encourages sense of well-being, invigorating, stimulating)
caution: | avoid with high blood pressure, epilepsy, or if using homeopathic remedies |
blends well with: |
benzoin, caraway, cedarwood, clary sage, juniper, lavender, lemon,
lemongrass, marjoram, peppermint, pine, ravensara, rosemary, thyme,
vetiver |
|
|
|
• eucalyptus radiata (leaf) - eucalyptus radiata (australia). |
|
see eucalyptus above
|
|
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• eucalyptus smithii (leaf) - eucalyptus smithii (china). |
|
see eucalyptus above
|
|
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• eucalyptus, lemon (leaf) - eucalyptus citriodora (china). |
|
see eucalyptus above
|
|
|
• • everlasting / aka: immortelle (flower) - helichrysum angustifolium (europe, france). |
|
fresh, richly aromatic fragrance, with the subtle scent of honey and
flora. invigorate the mind, eases nervous tension, and uplifts the mood. -- (clearing, focusing, refreshing, relaxing)
blends well with: | bergamot, chamomile, geranium, frankincense |
|
|
|
• • fennel, sweet (seed) - foeniculum vulgare |
| (europe, france, germany, india, japan, mediterranean, north america, poland, romania, russia, spain). |
|
sweet, floral, herby and slightly spicy aroma characteristic of the well
known cooking herb. used extensively as a flavor and a fragrance. -- (invigorating, restoring, stimulating, warming)
caution: | skin irritant - avoid use in sun - avoid is pregnant, epileptic |
blends well with: | geranium, hyssop, lavender, lemon, rose, sandalwood |
|
|
|
• fir needle (needle) - abies balsamea; siberica (canada, east asia, siberia). |
|
clear, balsamic, and refreshing aroma, highly esteemed for its fragrant scent. -- (refreshing)
blends well with: | basil, cedarwood, frankincense |
|
|
|
• frankincense (resin) - boswellia carterii (africa, china, ethiopia, india, oman, somalia). |
|
soft, rich, balsamic, woody scent. used since antiquity in incense. many
people use this oil when they meditate to calm the senses. often used
in perfumes. -- (calming, clarifying, clearing, focusing, grounding, relaxing, restoring, stress-reducing,tension-reducing, warming)
caution: | avoid if pregnant. |
blends well with: |
ambrette, basil, bergamot, camphor, cardamom, cedarwood, chamomile,
cinnamon, clary sage, coriander, galbanum, geranium, ginger,
lavender, mandarin, myrrh, neroli, orange, pepper, pine, rosemary,
sandalwood, vetiver |
bridge: | middle - base |
|
• galbanum (resin) - ferula galbaniflua (france, lebanon, middle east). |
|
earthy, fresh, herbal scent. -- (energizing, revitalizing, stimulating, tension-reducing)
blends well with: |
anise, armoise, chamomile, citronella, elemi, frankincense, geranium,
ginger, jasmine, jonquil, myrrh, palmarosa, rose, sandalwood,
ylang ylang |
|
|
|
• geranium (flower, leaf, stalk) - pelargonium graveolens |
| (algeria, china, egypt, france, isle of reunion, madagascar, morocco, russia, south africa). |
|
floral, leafy, rose-like scent; the sweet aroma may help one achieve an
overall feeling of peace, health, and emotional security. -- (relaxing, balancing, cooling, encourages sense of well-being, normalizing, relaxing, soothing, stress/tension-reducing)
caution: |
avoid overuse - skin irritant - avoid with history of
estrogen-dependent cancer or hypoglycemia - do not confuse with rose
geranium |
blends well with: |
allspice, basil, bergamot, citronella, clary sage, carrot seed,
clove, fennel, frankincense, galbanum, grapefruit, jasmine, juniper,
lavender, lemon, lemongrass, lime, mandarin, myrrh, neroli, nutmeg,
palmarosa, patchouli, peppermint, petitgrain, rose, sandalwood,
tangerine, tuberose, violet |
|
|
|
• ginger (root/stem) - zingiber officinale (africa, china, india, jamaica, japan). |
|
smoky, spicy, sweet, woodsy aroma, with a hint of lemon; aphrodisiac. -- (anchoring, arousing, energizing, invigorating, stimulating, strengthening, stress-reducing, warming)
caution: | slightly phototoxic; skin irritant |
blends well with: |
allspice, cajeput, cedarwood, cinnamon, clove, coriander, elemi,
eucalyptus, frankincense, galbanum, geranium, lemon, lime, neroli,
orange, patchouli, rose, rosemary, sandalwood, spearmint, verbena,
vetiver |
|
|
|
• grapefruit, pink (peel) - citrus paradisi (florida-usa, israel). |
|
sweet, sharp, citrusy aroma. -- (energizing, focusing, inspiring,
invigorating, memory aid, refreshing, reviving, stimulating,
stress-reducing, uplifting, warming)
caution: | phototoxic |
blends well with: |
bergamot, cedarwood, cypress, frankincense, geranium, lavender, lemon,
lime, mandarin, neroli, orange, palmarosa, rosemary, sage, tangerine,
vanilla |
|
|
|
• • helichrysum - see everlasting |
|
|
|
|
• hops (bud/flower) - humulus lupulus (europe, new zealand, north america, russia, spain). |
|
herbal scent. -- (calming, relaxing)
|
|
|
• hyssop (flower/leaf) - hyssopus officinalis (brail, egypt, europe, france, india, italy, palestine). |
|
camphorous, fresh/herbal, sweet, spicy scent. -- (balancing, clearing, focusing, refreshing, stimulating, stress/tension-reducing, warming)
caution: | toxic - use in very low dosages - avoid if pregnant, history of epilepsy, high blood pressure. |
blends well with: | basil, bergamot, celery, clary sage, clove, fennel, lavender, orange, rosemary, sage, tangerine |
|
• jasmine absolute (flower) - jasminum grandiflorum (algeria, china, egypt, france, italy, morocco). |
|
sweet, floral, exotic aroma. called the "king of flower oils" has always had a reputation as an aphrodisiac. -- (balancing, euphoric, hypnotic, relaxing, soothing, tension-reducing, warming)
caution: | narcotic properties - avoid heavy use during pregnancy |
blends well with: |
bergamot, cardamom, chamomile, clary, sage, frankincense, galbanum,
geranium, lemongrass, muget, neroli, oakmoss, orange, rose, sandalwood,
spearmint, vetiver |
|
|
|
• • juniper (berry) - juniperus communis (africa, bulgaria, europe, italy, north america, north asia, siberia). |
|
fresh, pine-like, woodsy scent; deodorant, aphrodisiac -- (clearing, eases anxiety, energizing, invigorating, memory aid, refreshing, restoring, strengthening, stress-reducing)
caution: | avoid long-term use - avoid if pregnant, high blood pressure, kidney disease - skin irritant |
blends well with: |
bergamot, cedarwood, chamomile, clary sage, cypress, elemi,
eucalyptus, frankencense, geranium, lavender, myrrh, pine, rosemary,
sandalwood, vetiver |
|
|
|
• • lavender, french/fine (flower) - lavandula vera; augusytifolia; officinalis; dentata (bulgaria, france, spain). |
|
clean, fresh, floral, sweet scent, is gentle to the skin; deodorant.
almost fruity sweet topnote; fresh herbaceous, overall coo; a pleasant,
balsamic woody backnote. traditionally known to help soothe emotional
extremes. when applied, may bring the aromatic influence of love and
peace. -- (balancing, calming, cooling, exhilarating, focusing, refreshing, relaxing, soothing, stress/tension-reducing)
caution: |
avoid during first trimester of pregnancy or low blood pressure -
overuse can cause headaches - do not confuse with lavender spike |
blends well with: |
allspice, amyris, basil, bergamot, black pepper, carrot, cedarwood,
chamomile, cistus, citronella, clary sage, clove, cypress, dill,
eucalyptus, fennel, frankincense, geranium, grapefruit, hyssop, juniper,
lemon, lemongrass, lime, mandarin, marjoram, myrrh, musk, neroli,
oakmoss, orange, patchouli, peppermint, petitgrain, pine, ravensara,
rosemary, sandalwood, spearmint, spikenard, tangerine, tea tree,
thyme, tonka bean, verbena, vetiver, wintergreen, yarrow |
bridge: | top - middle |
|
|
|
• lemon (peel) - citrus limonum (argentina, brazil, israel, california-usa). |
|
fresh, tart, citrus, scent. although lemon oil is usually pressed from
the peel. the highest quality is obtained when the oil is distilled from
the whole lemon. -- (balancing, refreshing, calming, cheering,
cooling, memory aid, refreshing, relaxing, stimulating, stress-reducing,
uplifting)
caution: | phototoxic - may irritate sensitive skin - dilute well before use on skin |
blends well with: |
benzoin, bergamot, carrot, cedar, chamomile, citronella, cypress,
eucalyptus, fennel, geranium, ginger, grapefruit, lavender, mandarin,
neroli, orange, peppermint, rose, sage, sandalwood, tangerine,
tea tree, thyme, vanilla, verbena, violet, ylang ylang |
|
|
|
• lemongrass (herb/leaf) - cymbopogon flexuous; citratus |
| (brazil, central africa, ceylon, china, guatemala, haiti, sri lanka). |
|
fresh grassy-lemon scent. used extensively in soaps, perfumes and sprays; deodorant. -- (calming, cleansing, focusing, invigorating, stress-reducing, vitalizing)
caution: | phototoxic - avoid if pregnant or high blood pressure - avoid use on sensitive skin - dilute well before use on skin |
blends well with: | basil, cedarwood, citronella, eucalyptus, geranium, jasmine, lavender, palmarosa, neroli, niaouli, tea tree, vetiver |
|
|
|
• lime (peel) - citrus aurantifolia (brazil, florida-usa, italy, mexico, west indies). |
|
fresh, sweet, green, zesty scent. like lemon, oil is usually pressed
from peel, but this oil may also be distilled from the leaves and
flowers or the whole fruit. -- (cheering, refreshing, uplifting
anxiety, cheering, cleansing, concentration, energizing, equalizing,
exhaustion, invigorating, refreshing, stimulating, uplifting)
caution: | phototoxic - may irritate sensitive skin |
blends well with: |
bay, bergamot, birch, carrot, citronella, clary sage, clove bud,
geranium, ginger, grapefruit, lavender, mandarin, neroli, nutmeg, rose,
rosemary, tangerine, ylang ylang |
|
|
|
• • litsea cubeba (fruit) - litsea cubeba (china). |
|
citrus and fruity fragrance with floral undertones. also known as may chang, it is know for its ability to anchor citrus notes. -- (stimulating, uplifting)
blends well with: | lavender, neroli, verbena |
|
• • mandarin, red (peel) - citrus nobilis; reticulata (argentina, brazil, china, india, italy, spain). |
|
light, floral, citrus scent. -- (calming, cheering, stimulating, strengthening, stress-reducing)
caution: | phototoxic |
blends well with: |
anise, basil, bergamot, camphor, clary sage, frankincense,
geranium, grapefruit, lavender, lemon, lime, marjoram, neroli, nutmeg,
orange, rose, sage, vanilla, verbena |
|
|
|
• marjoram (flower/leaf) - thymus mastichina (egypt, france, germany, hungary, portugal, spain). |
|
warm, herbal, pepper-like, spicy aroma. -- (calming, eases aggression/anxiety, relaxing, soothing, strengthening, stress reducing, warming)
caution: | avoid use on children and elderly - avoid if pregnant, low blood pressure |
blends well with: |
basil, bergamot, cedarwood, chamomile, cypress, eucalyptus, lavender,
mandarin, nutmeg, orange, pepper, peppermint, rosemary, rosewood,
tea tree, thyme, ylang ylang |
bridge: | top - middle |
|
|
|
• melissa / aka: lemon balm, sweet balm (leaf) - melissa officinalis (europe, france, mediterranean). |
|
sharp, floral, lemon-like arome. true melissa is distilled from lemon
balm. most of the melissa essential oil offered is a mixture of
lemon-scented oils which might even include citronella; this is
considered "the most adulterated essential oil in the industry". it
takes approximately 1.5 tons of the plant to obtain a pound of oil, thus
the expensive price of the true, unadulterated essential oil -- (calming, eases anxiety, inspiring, relaxing, stress/tension-reducing, uplifting)
caution: | may irritate skin - may trigger allergic reactions - avoid if pregnant |
blends well with: | - - |
|
|
|
• myrrh (resin) - commiphora myrrha; molmol (africa, ethiopia, somalia). |
|
warm, balsamic, spicy, smoky and slightly musky in aroma, rare and
precious, a traditional perfume which is easy on the skin; deodorant.
often used in massage. -- (clearing, focusing, soothing, stimulating, warming)
caution: | avoid during pregnancy |
blends well with: | clove, cypress, frankincense, galbanum, geranium, juniper, lavender, orange, patchouli, pine, sandalwood |
bridge: | middle - base |
|
|
|
• • myrtle (leaf/stem) - myrtus communis (spain). |
|
fresh, slightly sweet and penetrating scent. -- (anger-abating)
blends well with: | coriander, lavender, rosemary, tea tree |
|
|
|
• • neroli / aka: orange blossom (flower) - citrus aurantium (egypt, france, italy, morocco, spain, tunisia). |
|
beautiful floral fragrance, both bitter and sweet; aphrodisiac, deodorant. --
(eases aggression/anxiety, calming, centering, focusing, hypnotic,
inspiring, memory aid, relaxing, stress/tension-reducing, uplifting)
blends well with: |
ambrette, benzoin, bergamot, cardamom, carrot, chamomile,
clary sage, coriander, frankincense, geranium, ginger, grapefruit,
jasmine, lavender, lemon, lime, mandarin, orange, patchouli, rose,
tangerine, ylang ylang |
bridge: | top - middle |
|
|
|
• niaouli / aka: gomenol (leaf/stem) - melaleuca quinquenervia viridiflora (australia, east indies, spain, tasmania). |
|
slightly sweet, penetrating aroma, eucalyptus/pine-like -- (clearing, invigorating, refreshing, soothing)
blends well with: | coriander, fennel, juniper, orange, peppermint |
|
|
|
• nutmeg (seed) - myristica fragrans (east indies, indonesia, sumatra, west indies). |
|
spicy, warm and nutty/ woodsy odor. -- (eases anxiety/irritability, energizing, rejuvenating, stress-reducing, uplifting, warming)
caution: | use with caution and moderation |
blends well with: |
bay, cinnamon, clary sage, clove, coriander, geranium, lime,
landarin, marjoram, orange, petitgrain, rosemary, tea tree |
bridge: | top - middle |
|
|
|
• oakmoss absolute (lichen-whole plant) - evernia prusnatri (spain). |
|
viscous liquid with an extremely intense aroma reminiscent of a damp forest floor; aphrodisiac. -- (calming, cooling, mood-enhancing)
caution: | can irritate sensitive skin |
blends well with: | cedarwood, citrus oils, hyacinth, jasmine, pine, rose, vetiver |
|
|
|
• orange, bitter (peel) - citrus aurantium |
| (brazil, france, central america, north america, south america, spain, west indies). |
|
brisk, refreshing, fruity; zesty, refreshing citrus fragrance. -- (calming, cheering, eases anxiety, inspiring, invigorating, refreshing, relaxing, stress-reducing, uplifting)
blends well with: |
basil, camphor, cardamom, carrot, cinnamon, citronella,
clary sage, clove, coriander, cypress, frankincense, ginger,
grapefruit, hyssop, jasmine, juniper, lavender, lemon, mandarin,
marjoram, myrrh, neroli, nutmeg, patchouli, petitgrain, rose, sage,
sandalwood, tangerine, vanilla, verbena, ylang ylang |
|
|
|
• orange, sweet (peel) - citrus aurantium |
| (brazil, france, central america, north america, south america, spain, west indies). |
|
tangy, bright refreshing scent; zesty, refreshing citrus fragrance. -- (calming, cheering, eases anxiety, inspiring, invigorating, refreshing, relaxing, stress-reducing, uplifting)
blends well with: |
basil, camphor, cardamom, carrot, cinnamon, citronella,
clary sage, clove, coriander, cypress, frankincense, ginger,
grapefruit, hyssop, jasmine, juniper, lavender, lemon, mandarin,
marjoram, myrrh, neroli, nutmeg, patchouli, petitgrain, rose, sage,
sandalwood, tangerine, vanilla, verbena, ylang ylang |
|
|
|
• oregano (flower/leaf) - thymus capitatus, origanum vulgare (asia, egypt, europe, north africa, spain). |
|
from the greek oreganos, "delight-of-the-mountain". warm, herbaceous/woody, slightly spicy scent. -- (stimulating, strengthening, warming)
caution: | avoid if pregnant - irritant to skin, mucous membranes. |
blends well with: | basil, fennel, geranium, pine |
bridge: | top - middle |
|
• palmarosa (herb-whole plant) - cymbopogon martini (brazil, central america, india). |
|
citrus, floral, grassy fragrance with a hint of rose. -- (calming, eases aggression/anxiety, inspiring, relaxing, stress-reducing, uplifting)
blends well with: |
amyris, bergamot, cedarwood, citronella, galbanum, geranium,
grapefruit, jasmine, lavender, lemongrass, petitgrain, rose, sandalwood |
bridge: | top - middle |
|
|
|
• parsley (seed) - petroselinum sativum (india). |
|
fresh, grassy, somewhat herby aroma with spicy undertones; aphrodisiac
blends well with: | lavender, lime, orange |
|
|
|
• patchouli (leaf) - pogostemon patchouli; cablin (china, indonesia, japan, madagascar). |
|
exotic, earthy, balsamic, spicy-sweet, woodsy scent, often prized as a
personal fragrance; deodorant. an aphrodisiac; when diffused, this
aromatic oil helps create an amorous atmosphere. -- (calming, clearing, eases anxiety, focusing, increases desire, relaxing, soothing, stress-reducing, stimulating)
blends well with: |
allspice, armoise, balsam peru, bergamot, black pepper, carnation,
cedarwood, chamomile, clary sage, clove, frankincense, geranium,
ginger, jasmine, lavender, myrrh, neroli, rose, sandalwood, spikenard,
vetiver |
bridge: | middle - base |
|
|
|
• pennyroyal (leaf) - mentha pulegium (morocco). |
|
herbaceous, minty scent
blends well with: | cedarwood, peppermint |
|
|
|
• peppermint (herb-whole plant) - mentha piperita (china, europe, united states). |
|
powerful sharp, minty scent; deodorant. -- (cooling, focusing, invigorating, memory aid, refreshing, relaxing, revitalizing, stimulating)
caution: | avoid if pregnant, high blood pressure, with homeopathic remedies - may irritate sensitive skin |
blends well with: | bergamot, cedarwood, cypress, eucalyptus, geranium, lavender, lemon, marjoram, niaouli, pine, rosemary, sandalwood |
|
|
|
• pettigrain (leaf/stem) - citrus aurantium; hystrix (africa, europe, france, italy, morocco, paraguay, south america). |
|
strong citrus, sweet, woodsy; a fragrance that is alternately woody and floral; deodorant. -- (calming, inspiring, invigorating, refreshing, relaxing, soothing, uplifting)
caution: | avoid on sensitive skin |
blends well with: | bergamot, cedarwood, clary sage, frankincense, geranium, lavender, neroli, nutmeg, orange, rosemary, rosewood, sandalwood |
|
|
|
• pine (needle) - pinus sylvestris (bulgaria, europe, north america, russia). |
|
crisp, fresh, sweet scent; deodorant. pine needle oil differs from pine oil, which may utilize all or any part of the tree. -- (cleansing, clearing, refreshing, rejuvenating, revitalizing, stimulating, strengthening, stress-reducing)
caution: | avoid if history of prostate cancer or high blood pressure - may irritate sensitive skin |
blends well with: |
cedarwood, citronella, clary sage, clove, coriander, cypress,
eucalyptus, frankincense, juniper, lavender, myrrh, myrtle, niaouli,
rosemary, spikenard, tea tree |
|
|
|
• ravensara (bark/leaf) - ravensara anisata; aromatica (australia, madagascar). |
|
eucalyptus-like, medicinal, woodsy scent, a mild version of rosemary. -- (balancing, calming, clearing, relaxing)
blends well with: | chamomile, clove, eucalyptus, lavender, pine, rosemary |
|
|
|
• rose otto (flower) - rosa damascena; centrifolia (bulgaria, france, morocco, russia, turkey). |
|
intense, floral, sweet, honey-like, exquisite fragrance; aphrodisiac. also known as damask rose. -- (balancing, calming, cheering, cooling, hypnotic, memory aid, relaxing, stress/tension-reducing, uplifting)
caution: | avoid if pregnant, high blood pressure |
blends well with: |
ambrette, bergamot, black pepper, cardamom, chamomile, clary sage,
clove, fennel, galbanum, geranium, ginger, jasmine, lavender, lemon,
mandarin, musk, neroli, oakmoss, orange, patchouli, sandalwood,
tangerine, vetiver, ylang ylang |
|
|
|
• rosehip co2 (seed) - rosa canina; rubignosa (chile, germany). |
| the co2 extracted oil is not subject to the short shelf life usually associated with this oil
|
|
|
• rosemary (flower/leaf/twig) - rosmarinus officinalis (france, japan, morocco, spain, tunisia, yugoslavia). |
|
a strong, fresh camphorous, medicinal, woodsy scent; aphrodisiac.
characteristic of this cooking herb. used as a fragrance and a flavor. -- (clarifying, focusing, inspiring, invigorating, memory aid, stimulating, stress/tension-reducing, warming, uplifting)
caution: |
avoid if pregnant, high blood pressure, epilepsy, or if taking
homeopathic remedies - may be a skin irritant - avoid use on damaged
skin |
blends well with: |
armoise, basil, bergamot, black pepper, cade, caraway, carrot,
cedarwood, chamomile, cinnamon, elemi, eucalyptus, frankincense, ginger,
grapefruit, hyssop, juniper, lavender, lemon, lime, marjoram, nutmeg,
orange, peppermint, petitgrain, pine, ravensara, sage, tea tree,
thyme |
bridge: | top - middle |
|
|
|
• rosewood / aka: bois de rose (wood) - aniba rosaeodora (brazil, peru). |
|
sweet, woody-floral scent with a hint of spice; aphrodisiac; deodorant. a
popular fragrance extensively used in perfumes, soaps, massage oils and
bath oils. -- (calming, comforting)
blends well with: | cedarwood, coriander, frankincense, rose, sandalwood, vetiver |
bridge: | top - middle |
|
|
|
• sage, dalmatian (flower/leaf) - salvia officinalis (china, croatia, france, mediterranean, spain, yugoslavia). |
|
strong, camphorous, herbal scent; powerful and penetrating. also used in cooking. -- (cheering, energizing, memory aid, soothing, stimulating, warming)
caution: | moderate toxicity - avoid with children, if pregnant, with high blood pressure, with epilepsy |
blends well with: | armoise, bergamot, grapefruit, hyssop, lemon, mandarin, orange, rosemary |
|
|
|
• sandalwood (wood) - santalum album (europe, india, indonesia, north america). |
|
rare and precious, with a deep, soft, balsamic, sweet-woody scent;
aphrodisiac; deodorant. one of the oldest known perfume materials with
at least a 4,000-year history. -- (calming, centering, grounding, relaxing, revitalizing, stress-reducing)
blends well with: |
ambrette, balsam peru, basil, benzoin, bergamot, black pepper,
clary sage, clove, coriander, cypress, daphne, fennel,
frankincense, galbanum, geranium, ginger, honeysuckle, jasmine, juniper,
lavender, lemon, muguet, myrrh, neroli, palmarosa, patchouli,
peppermint, rose, spearmint, vanilla, vetiver, violet |
bridge: | middle - base |
|
|
|
• spearmint (flower) - mentha spicata; viridis (china, europe, mediterranean, russia, usa). |
|
fresh, minty scent, very similar to peppermint, slightly sweeter; deodorant. -- (cooling, energizing, invigorating, refreshing, revitalizing, stimulating)
caution: | avoid if pregnant, if using homeopathic remedies - may irritate mucous membranes |
blends well with: | basil, bergamot, birch, eucalyptus, ginger, grapefruit, jasmine, lavender, rosemary, sandalwood |
|
|
|
• spikenard (root) - nardostachys jatamansi (india). |
|
heavy, sweet, woodsy scent. -- (calming, inspiring, rejuvenating, stress/tension-reducing)
caution: | avoid if pregnant |
blends well with: | lavender, patchouli, pine, vetiver |
|
|
|
• spruce (needle) - tsuga canadensi (canada). |
|
fresh pine, bitter orange peel aroma
blends well with: | lavender, clary sage |
|
• tagetes (flower) - tagetes glandulifera (madagascar). |
|
minty, sweetish, fruity ordor. many people find the aroma somewhat disturbing.
caution: | do not use if pregnant or on children phototoxic; do not use prior to exposure to simulated or natural sunlight |
blends well with: | - - |
|
|
|
• tangerine (peel) - citrus reticulata (brazil, florida-usa). |
|
fresh, light, sweet, citrus, tangy scented oil, similar to orange oil, but has its own unique fragrance. -- (calming, cheering, relaxing, soothing, stress-reducing, uplifting)
caution: | phototoxic; do not use on skin exposed to direct sunlight |
blends well with: |
basil, bergamot, chamomile, clary sage, frankincense, geranium,
grapefruit, hyssop, lavender, lemon, lime, neroli, orange, rose,
vanilla, verbena |
|
|
|
• tea tree (leaf/twig) - malaleuca alternifoli (australia). |
|
herbal, spicy, medicinal, camphor-like, woodsy scent. a common
ingredient in soaps, toothpastes, disinfectants, gargles, acne creams
and even colognes. -- (cleansing, cooling, energizing, stimulating, uplifting)
caution: | may irritate sensitive skin areas |
blends well with: |
cinnamon, clary sage, clove, cypress, eucalyptus, geranium,
ginger, lavender, lemon, marjoram, nutmeg, pine, rosemary,
ylang ylang, thyme |
|
|
|
• thyme, red (flower/leaf) - thymus vulgaris (egypt, hungary, mediterranean, spain). |
|
iintense, herbal, medicinal, spicy scent; deodorant, aphrodisiac;
characteristic of the culinary herb. used both as a flavoring and a
fragrance. also used in mouthwashes, toothpaste and cough lozenges. -- (cleansing, energizing, inspiring, invigorating, memory aid, refreshing, stimulating, warming)
caution: | avoid if pregnant, high blood pressure - skin irritant - moderate toxicity - avoid use on children and elderly |
blends well with: | armoise, bergamot, cade, cedarwood, chamomile, eucalyptus, lavender, lemon, marjoram, muguet, rosemary |
bridge: | top - middle |
|
|
|
• thyme, white (flower/leaf) - thymus vulgaris (spain). |
|
see thyme, red
|
|
|
• vanilla absolute (bean) - vanilla planifolia (france, madagascar). |
|
sweet balsamic aroma; aphrodisiac. -- (calming, creativity, hypnotic, restoring, warming)
blends well with: | bergamot, grapefruit, lemon, mandarin, orange, sandalwood, tangerine, vetiver |
bridge: | middle - base |
|
|
|
• vanilla extract (bean) - see vanilla absolute above |
|
|
|
|
• verbena / aka: lemon verbena (flower/leaf) - lippia citriodora (france, spain). |
|
light, fresh, citrus scent; smells of sweet lemons; aphrodisiac. -- (refreshing, stimulating, uplifting)
caution: | phototoxic |
blends well with: | basil, bergamot, chamomile, geranium, lavender, mandarin, orange, neroli, rose, rosemary, tangerine |
|
|
|
• vetiver / aka: vetivert (root) - vetiveria zizanoides (haiti, india, indonesia, japan, java, north america, philippines). |
|
heavy, citrus, slightly-sweet, smoky, earthy, tobacco-like, woodsy scent; aphrodisiac. -- (anchoring, balancing, eases aggression, grounding, relaxing, revives exhaustion, soothing, stress/tension-reducing)
blends well with: |
cedarwood, chamomile, frankincense, geranium, ginger, grapefruit,
jasmine, juniper, lavender, lemongrass, patchouli, rose, sandalwood,
spikenard, vanilla, violet, ylang ylang |
bridge: | middle - base |
|
|
|
• violet absolute (leaf) - viola odorata (england, france, greece, italy). |
|
herbal, sweet scent. -- (balancing, energizing, revitalizing)
blends well with: | basil, cardamom, cedarwood, clary sage, heliotrope, lemon, sandalwood, vetiver |
|
|
|
• white pine - see pine |
|
|
|
|
• wintergreen (leaf) - gualtheria procumbens (china, north america). |
|
fresh, minty, sweet, woodsy scent. -- (invigorating, refreshing, stimulating)
caution: | avoid if pregnant, aversion to aspirin; high toxicity; skin irritant |
blends well with: | birch, lavender |
|
|
|
• wormwood (herb) - artemesia absinthium (usa). |
|
|
|
|
• yarrow / aka: milfoil (flower/leaf) - achillea millefolium (africa, bulgaria, europe, north america). |
|
rich, floral, dry herbaceous aroma; pale yellow to bright blue in color. -- (calming, relaxing, soothing)
blends well with: | lavender |
|
|
|
• ylang ylang I (flower) - cananga odorata var genuina (indonesia, madagascar, philippines). |
|
sweet, floral, heavy aroma. floral, heady, oriental, sweet exotic
fragrance; aphrodisiac. tropical islanders have long credited the sweet,
heady aroma of ylang ylang blossoms with the capacity to help ease
the unpleasant effects of stress and nervousness. the oil is considered
one of the most romantic essential oils. the distilled oil is collected
in three stages. "type I" is the top or first run and is considered
premium with a fuller, more complex nose. "type III" (below) is the last
run. "complete" (also below) is a combination of all three stages. -- (balancing, calming, cooling, eases aggression/anxiety, euphoric, relaxing, vitalizing, uplifting)
caution: | avoid if history of apnea or low blood pressure - may irritate sensitive skin - do not overuse |
blends well with: |
allspice, bergamot, camphor, cardamom, cedarwood, chamomile,
citronella, clove, galbanum, jasmine, lavender, lemon, marjoram, neroli,
rose, rosewood, tea tree, verbena, vetiver |
|
|
|
• ylang ylang III (flower) - see ylang ylang I above |
|
|
|
|
• ylang ylang complete (flower) - see ylang ylang I above |
|
|